You should evaluate the lesson we did what went well, and what didnt Article - 1

You should evaluate the lesson we did what went well, and what didnt. What would you change if you taught the lesson again - Article Example ccess of this lesson plan was that it aimed at sparking interest in students; for example, they were asking to write central ideas and details about their favorite vacation spots in activity 2, leading to the main discussion of the topic. This way, they could view their personal choices in a bigger picture. Graphic organizers were used, which would have proven to be fantastic help for visual learners. Hence, this lesson plan is quite splendid as it encompasses all kinds of students who benefitted through group learning and visual aids. One discrepancy that might get noticed is that it does not include the question-answer session at the end of the lesson. Students must be asked what they learned or what they could not understand, so as to get a better idea about the success of this lesson plan. A short quiz or a question-answer session might just do the task, as it will allow the students to exhibit their understanding of the topic right before leaving the

Special Focus on Paikgachha Upazila of Khulna District Essay Example for Free

Special Focus on Paikgachha Upazila of Khulna District Essay One of the most important external cost is salinity. If we go to ten to fifteen years ago in this region, we see that the domestic production of rice, vegetables and other crop was sufficient to meet local demand of this area. There was no scarcity of pure drinking water. Different kinds of monsoon fruits produced at a huge amount. The natural salinity of soil in this area was sufficient to cultivate shrimp. But due to some selfish and profit generating people who catch up brackish-water from tide-water of river to get more shrimp, natural salinity of soil has increased over the last decades. Though their volume of production increased, even the margin of profit, in fact they are paying more for their livelihood for environmental degradation. This is the ultimate goal of xi this study paper so that we can know how actually they are paying to cultivate shrimp by adding environmental cost. 1. 2. Objective The study aims to attain following objective to assess the value of lost production of rice caused by retaining brackish water for shrimp cultivation in the study area. 1. 3. Rationale Salinity is an integral part of both soil and water. Like other component of soil and water, a specific ratio of salinity is required to keep balance in environment. But retaining saline water from river must impact on both soil and water with other body of environment which is very simple case in southern part of Bangladesh. The main aim of the study is to asses whether cultivators of shrimp by retaining saline water is benefited in long run or not. 1. 4. Research Questions Under the above mentioned objective the study will possess some research questions which are depicted below To know the history of salinity of study area. How much land is affected by salinity? How much the production of rice as well as other crop decreases over the last decade? To know the ecological change of study area. Which class of people is economically more vulnerable? Quantitative measure of output lost due to salinity. To know the thinking of local people regarding problem and solution of salinity. xii 1. 5. Limitations of the Study The main bindings to complete a good research work are time and finance. Here this study is not out of this limitation. Time allocated for accomplishing this study is not well enough.

Why we should not legalize marijuana? Essay -- Drugs, Diseases

Marijuana has been used as an agent for achieving euphoria since ancient times (Narconon International, p. 1, para. 1). It was used in early Chinese culture as a medical component since as early as 2737 B.C (Narconon International, p. 1, para. 1). Its use began to spread across the pacific culture and finally ended up in Europe around 500 A.D. (Narconon International, p. 1). It was believed in this early culture to have medical effects that helped with rheumatism, gout, malaria, and even absent mindedness. It was not until the drug reached the Indian culture that it began to be used as a recreational drug for the intense euphoria the drug brought on (Narconon International, p. 1, para 1). It was though in fact the Muslim who made the drug widespread and popular in Persia and North Africa. In 1545 the Spanish introduced the drug to the European culture which eventually brought the drug to America and has since been a staple in American culture as we see it today. It was not until the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 classified marijuana along with heroin and LSD as a Schedule I drug (Narconon International, p.1, para 5 ). Today in America, marijuana is one of the most controversial issues in Congress. Leaders are using their views on legalizing it as part of their campaign ads. On June 23, 2011 DC lawmakers posed a bill to Congress to officially legalize the use of marijuana across the US. Nearly eight hundred thousand arrests are made on a yearly basis due to marijuana charges (Congress to legalize marijuana, 2011). The thought that the War on Drugs campaign that Nixon started when in office has been perceived as a failure. With this though, in 1979 the use of marijuana was at 13.9 percent and in 2008 that number had decrease... ...ith the increase of crime, violence, and drug use, legalization of marijuana today would be a wreckless and unsensable bill to pass. In the 1960’s marijuana was a common plant grown all naturally and for the most part free of additive chemicals that make the drug so dangerous today. Marijuana is one of the easiest drugs to lace and add other drugs to which intensifies the high in someone who smokes it today in comparison with someone who smoked it fifty years ago. It has had no proven medical benefits in humans and remains an addictive and harmful drug to its users. â€Å"Pot,† â€Å"grass,† â€Å"herb,† â€Å"weed,† â€Å"Mary Jane,† â€Å"reefer,† â€Å"skunk,† â€Å"boom,† â€Å"gangster,† â€Å"kif,† â€Å"chronic,† and â€Å"ganja† are some of the common street names for drugs that everyone knows yet, most people could not tell you the name of all United States presidents of the count ry they were born and raised in.

History of Alberta :: essays research papers

Date Entered into Confederation: Alberta became a province of Canada in 1905. They joined into Confederation because of many reason. One of the big factors was because of the fur trading. Canada was in big demand of fur, therefore having Alberta join would add to their business. Another reason was because of Manifest Destiny, the construction of an inter-colonial railway between Canada and the Maritimes was necessary since all goods were being transported on American lines. The Grand Trunk Railway needed increased traffic on its line to avoid bankruptcy. Also, transcontinental railway uniting the Atlantic to the Pacific would have to be built to open up the West and to prevent a possible takeover by the United States. Railway construction however was extremely expensive. The only way to ensure its construction would be for all the colonies to unite and to contribute to its construction. All of these causes for Alberta and the other provinces to join Canada was to prevent America from taking over the continent. The Provincial Flower: The Wild Rose is the provincial flower of Alberta. It grows almost everywhere during the summer in the province. It brightens Alberta with its soft pink petals and is sometimes grows in gardens. The Provincial Flag: Although first used in 1967, it was proclaimed into force June 1, 1968, following an act of the Legislature. The flag shows the Alberta Coat of Arms on a dark blue background. The flag is twice as long as it is wide. The shield is positioned in the center of the flag. On the top of the shield is a red St. George's Cross on a white background. Underneath there are white snow capped mountains. Behind the mountains there is a dark blue background, with rolling green hills in front. Below the mountains is a wheat field full of yellow grain. On the flag the blue represents the sky and gold or deep yellow for the prairies. Two other symbols of Alberta: Bird - Great Horned Owl It was adopted on May 3, 1977, following a province-wide children's vote. The Great Horned Owl, resides in Alberta throughout the year and was selected to symbolize the growing concern of diminishing wildlife, not only in Alberta, but throughout the world. Tree - Lodgepole Pine It was adopted on May 30, 1984, a result of the efforts of the Junior Forest Warden Association of Alberta. The Lodgepole Pine, played a significant role in Alberta's early history, providing railway ties for the railroad which linked the province to eastern Canada.

Money Is Not Everything

In fact, poverty is currently one of the major issues in the world. People tend to choose job that has higher salary they can find in order to earn more money for them to spend on, because they think money is everything. Even thought money gives people the opportunity to buy what they need, it does not buy happiness. Job satisfactions are becoming more crucial to achieve happiness in people’s life.Happiness through jobs can be achieved if people choose the job according to their personality and interest in order for them to use their skills and abilities, and sometimes if the job can be done effortless, people tend to encounter boredom and eventually lose motivation. When some people graduated from high school, they choose specific subject field in the university to study. One reason to this is because it gives them the opportunity to establish more understanding and knowledge to what they are interested in for their future career.For example, a graduate law student would most likely want to enter a law related job instead of forestry. People establish skills from what they learned. People also become more active if they are able to work on a task that they are interested on. According to John Holland’s personality-job fit theory, job satisfaction is based on a person’s interest. Their interests came from different types of personality they have. People will ultimately be successfully if they choose a job that best suits their talents and abilities. Therefore, being successful will lead them to a higher-paying job that gives them pleasure.Some people may be luckily enough to have a job that does not require much of an effort but still pays high. However, in a short while, these people might find that they are losing motivations, because of the continuous effortlessly tasks to be done. Motivations play a very important role in job. Without motivations, people’s performance will greatly decrease. Also, people will start losing their te amwork spirit and eventually get fired. Having a bit of a challenging job will not only stimulate the employee to work harder, but also be recognized by the company, and therefore be raised for a greater amount of salary.In fact, according to Stephen P. Robbins, most of the people prefer jobs that offer them a variety of tasks, freedom, and feedback on their performances. Working at jobs that people enjoy makes them more proficient and satisfied with their emotional needs. People should consider their interests and personality fit before they select jobs because both of two characters can motivate the individual potential abilities. It is also recommended that people do personality tests before they search for a new job, therefore, they can find the job they like that they are good at. Money Is Not Everything Money is essential that brings for man all his necessities and luxuries for his comfortable existence. Life without money is undoubtedly a virtual hell, with pangs of hunger and thirst eating into man’s very bones. However, at the same time for man to think that, money is everything, is also a great mistake. Money is necessity only in as much as, it is the thing which buys for us all we need, but, beyond that, money is a harbinger of all sorts of vices. Let us remember that money is to be considered as a means to an end, and not an end in itself. The end, is a comfortable life, and the means is money. If we consider money as a means to our end of having a comfortable life then, we would be seeing money in its proper perspective for without money we can not live as, we are not able to buy anything if we do not have money. So much, so good but, in the present day scenario, money is no more a means to an end but, and in itself. To collect money, to hoard money and become richer and richer has become our sole aim in life. It is here in our outlook towards money that we have erred, and so the disastrous situation we are placed in, is not hidden from any one. Each individual has set a goal of hoarding money and money only, and this also not fixed to a certain amount, we just have to go on and on irrespective of how much we need, for the lust for money has become our very style of life. It is a wild goose chase that we are all indulging in, and that, at the cost of all the rest we had. True, money gives us all that we require but money is not all the only thing that we need to keep happy and fit. There are several other things that make life beautiful and mind that these can not be purchased with any amount of money. For example, a gush of wind from where we take our very breath of life, cannot be purchased at any cost. We can wear the most glamorous dresses but, to give health to that same body, no amount of money is enough. We can buy the thickest and costliest of mattresses with money but, no amount of money can buy for us a good sound, night’s sleep. These few facts are sufficient to awake us to the fact that, there are many other important things that make for a happy life, and money is not all. We should thereby give money only its due importance and not make it all important, for, if we do that, we are certainly going to sacrifice some other vital items of a good life. Now let us analyze to some extent how this money is capable of playing havoc in life. In reality, the position of the society today, is far from being enviable, is largely due to this money mania that has caught hold of the society. Each and every individual is busy in his/her money spinning activities. At this juncture, I would like to mention the fact that in our Hindu mythology, the Goddess Lakshmi, the Goddess of wealth has an owl for her transport. This is very significant as it is believed that the pursuit of money, as it is today; make an owl of a man. I’d say that we have all become money maniacs, sacrificing every conceivable pleasure on the altar of wealth. Is this not owlish sense? When we lose our equilibrium, we become the significant owls. Today, we have sacrificed the bliss of a happy and contented family in the guise of material luxuries which, we think are all that we need. We have no time to love each other, care for each other or, serve each other in the family because each member of the family is busy in the struggle of making money. In this unit of a family, where, at one time the love we got was an elixir for our tired nerves, is now a missing entity. I suggest that a stage has now come when we must give up our on fighting for money and give it only the amount respect and importance it deserves, it should be treated only as a means to an end, and not an end itself, only then we will be able to strike a balance between the inputs of money and the inputs of other things we need to live a happy and satisfied life.

Essay Reflection Ultraviolet and Sun Exposure

Essay Reflection Ultraviolet and Sun Exposure Essay Reflection: Ultraviolet and Sun Exposure It’s undeniable that this year has been one of the hottest as we all have walked to class in t-shirts sweating in the middle of October/November. As our temperatures grow hotter- sun exposure is unavoidable. I chose the topic of UV light and prevention for my presentation because I wanted a topic that not just related to something we learned in class about sustainability but something everyone could take away with them that was beneficial. The biggest process of this project for me was trying to fit everything I wanted to say into 10 minutes. There really is so much more information that is useful but there just isn’t enough time to get it all out. In addition to the process of this presentation I felt like it was important to find the most reliable, trusting sources, with the most up to date information on them if I wanted to put an emphasis on the seriousness of the issue. I learned a lot from doing this project. Honestly, more than I expected. I did not realize how many things are sold to use on the market as sun protectants are mislabeled and misleading. I write this in regards to sunscreens, sunglasses, clothing, and hats that I mention/mentioned in my presentation. I felt some guilt along the way as well after I realized the sunscreen I used on my son this past summer was close to useless and really did nothing at all. It was an eye opener to me to pay closer attention to the fine print and do more researc h before just assuming labels on products are as they say

Free Essays on Perception Of Color

Color. It is to our eyes what music is to our ears. Those of us blessed with vision can barely imagine a world without color. Colors evoke feelings in the manner of non-verbal communication, and stand to represent ideas, and so, in graphic design, as in all things designed, knowledgeable and appropriate use of color is critical. Color has a profound effect on people, both as individuals and as a whole. Psychologists have long since theorized that people's preferences for color and color mixes have deep psychological affect on your mood or feeling. Many now believe that colors cannot only cause emotional reactions, but can also correct mood and well-being. Considering that color in itself is merely the human eye's perception of light, its psychological influence is incredible, from causing depression, a desire for food, to subliminally affecting consumerism. A culture's attitude toward colors is also important in developing one's identification of different hues. There are many issues of color involved in graphic design. Besides the psychological aspects of color, one must be sure that the layout is easily comprehensible, and that the palette used in background, graphics, font and content work together. And so, I will acquaint you with some of the known psychological qualities of color and how colors relate to each other. Color is the visual effect that is caused by the spectral composition of the light emitted, transmitted, or reflected by objects. It originates in light. Sunlight, as we perceive it, is colorless. In reality, a rainbow is testimony to the fact that all the colors of the spectrum are present in white light. Light goes from the source, such as the sun, to an object, (let’s say an apple), and finally to the detector which is the eye and brain. Blue is by far the most popular color - conveying peace and tranquility, harmony, trust and confidence. Blue is said to increase productivity. On the other hand, blue... Free Essays on Perception Of Color Free Essays on Perception Of Color Color. It is to our eyes what music is to our ears. Those of us blessed with vision can barely imagine a world without color. Colors evoke feelings in the manner of non-verbal communication, and stand to represent ideas, and so, in graphic design, as in all things designed, knowledgeable and appropriate use of color is critical. Color has a profound effect on people, both as individuals and as a whole. Psychologists have long since theorized that people's preferences for color and color mixes have deep psychological affect on your mood or feeling. Many now believe that colors cannot only cause emotional reactions, but can also correct mood and well-being. Considering that color in itself is merely the human eye's perception of light, its psychological influence is incredible, from causing depression, a desire for food, to subliminally affecting consumerism. A culture's attitude toward colors is also important in developing one's identification of different hues. There are many issues of color involved in graphic design. Besides the psychological aspects of color, one must be sure that the layout is easily comprehensible, and that the palette used in background, graphics, font and content work together. And so, I will acquaint you with some of the known psychological qualities of color and how colors relate to each other. Color is the visual effect that is caused by the spectral composition of the light emitted, transmitted, or reflected by objects. It originates in light. Sunlight, as we perceive it, is colorless. In reality, a rainbow is testimony to the fact that all the colors of the spectrum are present in white light. Light goes from the source, such as the sun, to an object, (let’s say an apple), and finally to the detector which is the eye and brain. Blue is by far the most popular color - conveying peace and tranquility, harmony, trust and confidence. Blue is said to increase productivity. On the other hand, blue...

Character Motivation How to Write Believable Characters

Character Motivation How to Write Believable Characters Character Motivation: How to Write Believable Characters If an author wants to focus on making their stories more believable, it’s crucial for them to fully understand character motivation. Readers will happily accept and suspend their disbelief for any story - whether it’s set deep in space, or in a society run by terriers - so long as all the characters have relatable motivations and behave plausibly.In this post, we’ll look at some of the big questions behind character motivation in fiction and help you understand why it’s important and, crucially, how to apply it to any book you are working on.What is character motivation?Character motivation is the reason behind a character’s behaviors and actions in a given scene or throughout a story. Motivations are intrinsic needs: they might be external needs and relate to survival, but they might also be psychological or existential needs, such as love or professional achievement.This motivation is at the heart of character profiles and is necessary if your g oal is to write believable and compelling characters.

Question is in the instruction box Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Question is in the instruction box - Essay Example This is so because since the end of colonialism many countries and states have become less and less influenced from European countries and any external forces of other governments, leaving countries to determine their own fate through controlling their internal activities and affairs. Therefore, the traditional perspective of nations monopolizing their exercise of powers over the territory and the citizens within its boundary has been discredited as the perfect definition of sovereignty, since modernity demands for a more liberal approach to governance. Thus, with the end of colonialism and the advent of the concept of modernity, sovereignty has emerged to focus on the rights of the citizens within a country, as opposed to the rights of the nation-state or government, over its territories and its subjects 2. Sovereignty under modernity now refers to the rights of the people to access and use the natural resources within their country, without any undue interference with that right fr om either the government of the land or even the foreign powers. Since the end of colonialism, most of the foreign interrelationships are based on commercial, social, political and other cultural activities, which are based on the mutual respect and understanding amongst the member countries2. Thus, the traditional relationship between countries, which was based on the dominance of some countries over others has been replaced by the commercial relationship between such countries, where investors from different other countries can invest within a country where they find ample business opportunities3. However, the right to the access of the natural resources is primarily given to the citizens of the country, who have the rights to access and exploit the natural resources that are bestowed within their regions of jurisdiction, thus making the rights over the natural resources a matter of sovereignty for the people, as opposed to the powers of the governments to exercise its authority o ver the people. Therefore, the modern concept of sovereignty is defined in terms of the rights that the people within a country have access to the natural resources and their application for their benefits, as opposed to the application of such resources to benefit other external forces, at the expense of the people of the country within which the resources are bestowed. Therefore, the principle of sovereignty over natural resources now requires that such resources shall be applied towards the interest of national development, and the well-being of the people of the countries that has such resources 4. The principle of sovereignty over natural resources, which came about as a result of the concept of modernity started in the period after World War II, when the countries realized that the freedom of other countries from interference by others in the conduct of their internal affairs, was vital and essential for the peaceful co-existence of countries in the world3. The first aspect to wards the establishment of the concept of sovereignty started with the establishment of the United Nations, which sought to enhance democracy in the world, through ensuring the non-interference in the affairs of one country by the others, where such interference is unnecessary, or where the interference is likely to interfere with the rights and freedoms of the country to govern itself without any undue interference 9. With the

John Wayne Gacy Murder Trial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

John Wayne Gacy Murder Trial - Essay Example John Wayne Gacy was an American who was convicted of murder and sexual assaults. Evidence indicated that between 1972 and 1978, he murdered and sexually assaulted at least 33 young men and teenage boys. Due to his serial killing, he earned the tag â€Å"Killer Clown†. Also, evidence indicates that the defendant was living a double life; that of committing murders and that of engaging in political and charitable activities. Murder trials show that he was convicted of more murders than any other person in the American history. Based upon this historic murder trial, therefore, this paper will analyze the case and document and respond to a number of issues relating to the case (Mendenhall, 1996).   Since the offenses that the defendant committed were â€Å"unusual†, it is important to understand the specific psychological characteristics and patterns that might be inferred from him. The testimony that was made during the trial indicated that Gacy had psychological characteristics and patterns that to a greater extent depicted his atrocious actions. Those who worked for him testified that he was violent and in most cases showed an intention to commit sexual assaults; actually, they testified that they had survived sexual and violent encounters with him (Amirante and Broderick, 2011). Friends, family and his former employees also testified that Gacy had mood swings and was â€Å"awfully tricky†, a trait he used to succeed in handcuffing them. Most of the sixty witnesses who testified during trial took notice of these characteristics and patterns. Since such characteristics are often associated with the insane, this was not the case with Gacy as psychologists had confirmed that he was sane, and he committed the offenses while in sound mind. Psychologists and medical experts who testified for the defense agreed that he was very intelligent and generous.

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Research Proposal

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation - Research Proposal Example Despite of all these benefits, 100 million hectares of forests are air-purifying machines sequestrating world’s carbon dioxide. Sad thing is, these forests are being destroyed at an alarming rate. Both illegal export and domestic logging play the major role in the decrease of forests. Main reason of this huge mismanagement is the information gap in various Indonesian forests departments as well as absence of strict implementation of forest laws. That is why this research paper is so important because it will bridge this information gap by using ‘Qualitative Research Methodology’. Most forest data that these departments have is outdated or is limited. Data needs to be upgraded and properly archived with regular updating. The paper will look deep inside this matter and will spot specific loopholes and suggest various solutions to them by looking at various methods being used around the world to save and protect forests. An information centered approach will be used to suggest such solutions that will probably help curb illegal logging of priceless forests of Indonesia. Qualitative research method will provide suggestions that will look at both aspects where there is a need of compiling data on current forest boundaries as well as the need for recording changes in the boundaries of forests. Consequently this will be accomplished by proposing laws and various valuable guidelines for proper forestry care. Useful matrices will be provided in the research paper that will give guidelines to the planners and forest managers for collecting forest data and forest products manufacturing

Urban Planners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Urban Planners - Essay Example Planners who are in the public role often serve the public and act as valued technical advisors in the community's political environment (Garvin, 2002). Urban planners develop often develop long and short term plans for the use and revitalization of land. These plans facilitate the growth of urban and rural communities, as well as the region in which they are allocated. They assist the regional officials to reduce economical, social and environmental problems. This is done by proposing the location of schools, roads among other infrastructure. In addition to that, they recommend the zoning regulations for private possessions (Smith, 2006). According to Grogan (2002), Planners promote the best utilization of public land resources which are meant for commercial, residential, institutional and recreation purposes. They often formulate plans relating to development of new infrastructure, for instance new schools, new roads and public housing. Moreover, they help in making decisions about resource development and protecting the environment in its totality. Planners and developers are often involved in environment issues like wetland preservation, pollution control, location of new landfills and forest conservation. Planners may assist in the drafting of legislation of social, environmental and economical matters, for instance sheltering the homeless, new park, or making the region very attractive to businesses (Smith, 2006). Urban planners study and report on the current utilization of land for residential and community purposes before making plans for the community development. Their reports include information on the capacity and location of schools, airports, highways, libraries, recreational and cultural sites. They also provide records on the characteristics of the community, industries in the community, and employment and economic trends. They try to use the data obtained to optimize land use for public structures and facilities (Robert, 2003). The planners often prepare reports that show the cost of their programs and how they are carried out. Furthermore, they examine the suggested facilities, to know whether they will meet the needs of the growing population. They keep the records legal and economic issues, which are responsible for the building codes, zoning codes and environmental regulations. In addition to that, they ensure that the developers and builders are in apposition to follow the codes and the regulations (Garvin, 2002). Planners also deal with the land issues that arise due to the population movements. For instance, in Huntsville, the population growth and economic development has led to creation of more jobs out side the urban areas (Robert, 2003). As a result, the need for public transportation will increase, and it is the responsibility of the planners to model and develop suitable transportation systems and report them to the planning boards as well as the public (Garvin, 2002). Computers are very necessary urban planning process; planners use them to analyze and record information collected, and to prepare reports and proposals for government executives. Spreadsheets, computer databases, and analytical techniques are used to forecast future trends of employment, transportation, housing, or population. Urban

Analyze how innovation, design, and creativity at Mcdonalds support Research Paper

Analyze how innovation, design, and creativity at Mcdonalds support the organizations goals and objectives - Research Paper Example When it comes to its design of leadership, McDonalds top management has ensured that they are customer oriented and hence has engaged in corporate social responsibility to work hand on hand with its customers who are part of the larger community in order to fulfill its values and objectives. This step has increased the fame of the food stores and even increased its customer base. McDonalds have also invested in having different designs of their worker’s uniforms depending on the occasion or where they are serving their customers, this range from entertaining children in their numerous playgrounds and even serving customers in their dinners. Their creativity is evident from their logo which is unique and identifies it wherever it is. They are also creative in their advertisements and in the advertisements they sponsor. McDonald’s different designs of their restaurants including drive-in ones that serve the customer needs wherever they are is also an indication of their creativity and which goes a long way to fulfill the goal of McDonalds of serving fast food to all people and at their own

Urban Planners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Urban Planners - Essay Example Planners who are in the public role often serve the public and act as valued technical advisors in the community's political environment (Garvin, 2002). Urban planners develop often develop long and short term plans for the use and revitalization of land. These plans facilitate the growth of urban and rural communities, as well as the region in which they are allocated. They assist the regional officials to reduce economical, social and environmental problems. This is done by proposing the location of schools, roads among other infrastructure. In addition to that, they recommend the zoning regulations for private possessions (Smith, 2006). According to Grogan (2002), Planners promote the best utilization of public land resources which are meant for commercial, residential, institutional and recreation purposes. They often formulate plans relating to development of new infrastructure, for instance new schools, new roads and public housing. Moreover, they help in making decisions about resource development and protecting the environment in its totality. Planners and developers are often involved in environment issues like wetland preservation, pollution control, location of new landfills and forest conservation. Planners may assist in the drafting of legislation of social, environmental and economical matters, for instance sheltering the homeless, new park, or making the region very attractive to businesses (Smith, 2006). Urban planners study and report on the current utilization of land for residential and community purposes before making plans for the community development. Their reports include information on the capacity and location of schools, airports, highways, libraries, recreational and cultural sites. They also provide records on the characteristics of the community, industries in the community, and employment and economic trends. They try to use the data obtained to optimize land use for public structures and facilities (Robert, 2003). The planners often prepare reports that show the cost of their programs and how they are carried out. Furthermore, they examine the suggested facilities, to know whether they will meet the needs of the growing population. They keep the records legal and economic issues, which are responsible for the building codes, zoning codes and environmental regulations. In addition to that, they ensure that the developers and builders are in apposition to follow the codes and the regulations (Garvin, 2002). Planners also deal with the land issues that arise due to the population movements. For instance, in Huntsville, the population growth and economic development has led to creation of more jobs out side the urban areas (Robert, 2003). As a result, the need for public transportation will increase, and it is the responsibility of the planners to model and develop suitable transportation systems and report them to the planning boards as well as the public (Garvin, 2002). Computers are very necessary urban planning process; planners use them to analyze and record information collected, and to prepare reports and proposals for government executives. Spreadsheets, computer databases, and analytical techniques are used to forecast future trends of employment, transportation, housing, or population. Urban

Marketing across culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Marketing across culture - Essay Example Some segment markets may place importance on such color which is why Denon has to adapt. For example, in China and some eastern culture, the color of gold has favorable association unlike in the west where it is perceived as inappropriate for audio components. Warranties are also limited as a marketing strategy in some market to lower the price of the product to make it competitive in a price sensitive market. This could however pose issue in the long run because of the limited coverage of after sales support. What Denon could do is to improve its process to make it more efficient and relocate to regions where overheads are lower. The saved cost could be translated to lower prices without compromising the warranties of its products. 2 What are the problems you are likely to encounter with the distribution of your products in: China, Japan, and India? Which country poses the biggest problem? Explain your answer. The problems that will encountered in distributing products will depend o n the market it is being distributed. In China, there are two main problems that a distributor or manufacturer will encounter which is the attempt to counterfeit Denon and the competition against cheaper counterfeit or mediocre products. In Japan, it would be the intense competition because Japan is basically home to the best brands in electronics such as Sony. In India, it would be the channels of distribution because despite of its relatively progressive economy, India’s retail sector is still catching up. 3 Many products fulfill both a functional need as well as a social need. When deciding how much to adapt an existing product for a new foreign market, which type of need should a marketer focus on? Explain your answer. There is a marketing cliche that when one markets a product we should â€Å"sell the sizzle and not the meat†. In the same manner that a product should be marketed that instead of highlighting its features and functions, a marketer can instead capita lize on its â€Å"benefits†. We can cite for example the hotel industry where rooms and amenities are almost the same. Hotels like Hilton however market the experience of staying in their hotels instead of selling occupancy of their rooms. 4 Comparing a supermarket in Tokyo, Japan with one in Dallas, Texas, which of the two is likely to have higher sales of snacks and sweets (Items usually found near the cash register at the checkout)? Explain your answer using the most relevant cultural dimension. Japanese as a people is only beginning to catch up with the cultural value of the west in terms of snacking. They are also not as impulsive when they buy products such as snacks and sweets and tend to scrutinize brands and packages before making a purchase. To market snacks and sweets in Japan, it has to be placed in an aisle designated for such under a recognizable brand name. In Dallas, Texas however, it works well for sweets and snacks to be placed near the cash register where c onsumers can readily add it up to their purchases as an afterthought. American consumers are known to be more impulsive compared to their counterparts in Japan. 5 A multinational corporation has the choice of following either a financial integration philosophy or a financial independence philosophy. In the long term, which choice should result in a firm having more subsidiaries around the world? Explain your ans

Social and Developmental Essay Example for Free

Social and Developmental Essay Psychodynamic theories of personality have impacted greatly on the Developmental Psychology of today. They originated with the work of Sigmund Freud in the later part of the nineteenth and beginning of the 18th century. Freud, Jung, Erickson and Fromm all focussed on the unconscious mind and the effects of early childhood experiences on the development of personality. Freuds psychosexual model is based on 5 stages with the first five years of life being most crucial to development of personality. Erikson proposed an 8 stage psychosocial plan, which placed importance on the whole lifespan, arguing that development does not cease at a certain age. According to Hayes (2000) both Freud and Jung argued that personality was set by childhood experiences and was due partly to maturation and partly to the influences of close family. Fromm on the other hand recognised both factors as well as acknowledging society as a third factor in the formation of personality. A more current view based on both the psychoanalytical and biological approaches is that of Bowlby (1969) who studied attachment in children. His Affective perspective concentrates on emotional development and has had an impact how children are cared for whilst away from their central carer for example whilst in childcare or hospital. Genetic and Biological explanations propose that each individual is born with genetically determined characteristic patterns of personality. Studies of twins show that identical twins brought up apart share much more in common than fraternal twins. The Minnesota twin study, (Bouchard, 1984 as cited by Bee 2000 p266) not only demonstrated this point, but also uncovered striking similarities in aspects such as taste in clothes, hobbies and interests, posture, body language etc. in identical twins who had never met each other. The biological approach to personality is strongly supported by a large amount of empirical research and as such is difficult to dispute. As Bee (2000) explains there is simply no refuting the fact that built-in genetic and physiological patterns underlie what we think of as both temperament and personality. (Bee 2000 p269) Some studies show that as much as 60% of our personality is genetically determined. A further strength in the biological explanation is that it is interactionist, thereby acknowledging the role of the environment in addition to the biological factors. The biological approach has one main weakness in that it does not account for change as temperament is not necessarily permanent.

Nature And Scope Of Reverse Logistic Information Technology Essay

Nature And Scope Of Reverse Logistic Information Technology Essay This paper explains what reverse logistics is. It looks at different viewpoints of reverse logistics. The paper starts off with a brief background of logistics describing how and when this term came about. Logistics has been a part of the society since the Greeks and the Romans. It was in the Second World War that logistics developed greatly. Logistics has come to be a kind of relief for many organizations that formerly looked upon it as a burden. Companies nowadays are hiring people with the requisite knowledge to deliver sustainable enhancements in the field of supply chain management. Reverse logistics includes processing returned merchandise due to damage, seasonal inventory, restock, salvage, recalls, and excess inventory. Reverse Logistics offers several advantages to the company in terms of both tangible and intangible benefits. In the first instance, companies are able to retrieve defective equipments and parts which are either salvaged or refurbished and thus reclaims value out of the defective parts. Secondly, the packaging and defective materials are collected and recycled thereby generating scrap value back for the company. Thirdly unsold and obsolete equipments are collected back from point of sale which encourages the distributors and stockiest to confidently buy stocks from the company knowing that he can always return unused inventory and not stand to lose in the bargain. All items must be identified, assigned to a customer or account, assigned a disposition and then physically sorted for processing. Finally, credits are generally issued at a later ti me and often for only some part of a return, including discarded or un-saleable goods. This process is difficult to automate with a generic ERP package and very challenging with a simple paper process. Specialized returns systems, whether part of a Warehouse Management System (WMS) or stand-alone, can support effective automation with appropriate setup. As reverse logistics evolves within your company, you will want to start developing or improving the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) used to measure and monitor the performance of your Returns Management and Reverse Logistics. We obtain a number of managerial guidelines for using marketing and operational strategy variables to influence the reaction parameters so as to obtain the maximum benefit from the market for each problem. We here also disprove that return policy is all about cost. We found that return policy is a powerful tool to increase firms profit. By capturing the reasons for returns, you can better monitor quality and vendor performance, and learn more about your customers purchase and return behavior. In addition, by returning goods to your supply chain quickly, you can minimize the cost of obsolete goods, and meet customer demand elsewhere. Table of Contents Background: The birth of Logistics can be traced back to ancient war times of Greek and Roman empires when military officers titled as Logistikas were assigned the duties of providing services related to supply and distribution of resources. This was done to enable the soldiers to move from their base position to a new forward position efficiently, which could be a crucial factor in determining the outcome of wars. This also involved inflicting damage to the supply locations of the enemy and safeguarding ones own supply locations. Thus, this lead to the development of a system which can be related to the current day system of logistics management. During the Second World War (1939-1945), logistics evolved greatly. The army logistics of United States and counterparts proved to be more than the German army could handle. The supply locations of German armed forces were inflicted with serious damages and Germany was not able to wreak the same havoc on its enemy. The United States military ensured that the services and supplies were provided at the right time and at the right place. It also tried to provide these services when and wherever required, in the most optimal and economical manner. The best available options to do the task were developed. This also gave birth to several military logistics techniques which are still in use, albeit in a more advanced form. Logistics has now evolved itself as an art and science. However, it cannot be termed as an exact science. Logistics does not follow a defined set of tables nor is it based on skills inherited from birth. A logistics manager performs his duties and responsibilities based on his educational experiences, skills, past experiences and intuition. These skills are nourished by a constant application of the same by him for the betterment of his organization. The logistics manager ensures that the company is benefited by an effective and efficient system of logistical management. He also needs to ensure that the right kind of products and services are provided at the right time and for a right price, whether inside the organizations premises or delivery of shipments outside the premises of the organization. Logistics has come to be a kind of relief for many organizations that formerly looked upon it as a burden. Companies nowadays are hiring people with the requisite knowledge to deliver sustainable enhancements in the field of supply chain management. As has been the case throughout most of logistics history, the task of a logistics manager involves a clear vision and a drive within to deliver results under strict deadlines in addition to his usual responsibilities. Reverse logistics stands for all operations related to the reuse of products and materials. It is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, cost effective flow of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods and related information from the point of consumption to the point of origin for the purpose of recapturing value or proper disposal. More precisely, reverse logistics is the process of moving goods from their typical final destination for the purpose of capturing value, or proper disposal. Remanufacturing and refurbishing activities also may be included in the definition of reverse logistics.[1] The reverse logistics process includes the management and the sale of surplus as well as returned equipment and machines from the hardware leasing business. Normally, logistics deal with events that bring the product towards the customer. In the case of reverse, the resource goes at least one step back in the supply chain. For instance, goods move from the customer to the distributor or to the manufacturer. Introduction: As we all know that Logistics is part of supply chain management process.   Whereas the Logistics deals with forward movement of goods within any supply chain, reverse logistics manages the reverse movement of goods, in other words returns management within supply chain function.   Ã‚  Reverse flow is as important as forward movement in any supply chain.   By examining a consumer supply chain process flows, one can conclude that reverse flows are  very critical and important function within supply chain to recover the product cost comprehensively and at the same time helps in safe disposal of waste. Purpose and aims of reverse logistic Reverse logistics includes processing returned merchandise due to damage, seasonal inventory, restock, salvage, recalls, and excess inventory.   It also includes recycling programs, hazardous material programs, obsolete equipment disposition, and asset recovery. For a practitioner, the disposition choice is determined by the most profitable alternative: Reconditioning when a product is cleaned and repaired to return it to a like new state; Refurbishing similar to reconditioning, except with perhaps more work involved in repairing the product; Remanufacturing similar to refurbishing, but requiring more extensive work; often requires completely disassembling the product; Resell when a returned product may be sold again as new; Recycle when a product is reduced to its basic elements, which are reused also referred to as asset recovery. Nature and Scope of reverse logistic Reverse logistics has been adapted in a big way by automotive aftermarket spare parts field as well as electronics and computer hardware markets. Retail and book publishing too have implemented reverse logistics schemes but the volumes that are returned are relatively lesser than the other fields. Reverse Logistics offers several advantages to the company in terms of both tangible and intangible benefits. In the first instance, companies are able to retrieve defective equipments and parts which are either salvaged or refurbished and thus reclaims value out of the defective parts. Secondly, the packaging and defective materials are collected and recycled thereby generating scrap value back for the company. Thirdly unsold and obsolete equipments are collected back from point of sale which encourages the distributors and stockiest to confidently buy stocks from the company knowing that he can always return unused inventory and not stand to lose in the bargain. Distributors are more likely to be open to stocking all fast moving as well as slow moving stocks. In the eyes of the customer and society, the organization stands to gain a good standing and reputation of being a responsible company which takes care of the e waste and hazardous waste generated and thus stands out for its corporate governance policies. Reverse logistics has been successfully adapted as marketing strategy. Refurbished computers are sold at cheaper prices by all leading brands and the demand for such laptops seems to be growing. The spare parts used by the computer manufacturers to service the laptops and computers on warranty or on sale, include refurbished parts. Many electronic and consumer durable manufacturing companies offer buy back or exchange offer for the old equipments in lieu of the customer purchasing a brand new product. In consumer electronics and white goods, the exchange offers are a big hit during discount sale seasons. Principles of reverse logistic administration and practice Returns are fundamentally complex because of how they impact physical inventory, electronic inventory and accounting systems.   All items must be identified, assigned to a customer or account, assigned a disposition and then physically sorted for processing.   Since some of the product might be discarded or kept back for vendor chargebacks, not all merchandise enters electronic inventory; some merchandise must be repacked and accounted for manually versus electronically.   Finally, credits are generally issued at a later time and often for only some part of a return, including discarded or un-saleable goods.   This process is difficult to automate with a generic ERP package and very challenging with a simple paper process. Specialized returns systems, whether part of a Warehouse Management System (WMS) or stand-alone, can support effective automation with appropriate setup. The software must: Separate the physical process from the accounting process and allow for gaps between physical and accounting realities. For example, out of a returned pallet only part of the pallet may be added to inventory and a different part of it may be credited to the customer.   Separate responsibility over physical inventory from responsibility over customer credits. A warehouse employee should not be concerned with how and when a customer will receive credit. Credit processors use an electronic transaction log of returns dock activity to release customer credits. Distinguish between return reasons and physical disposition. The former describes why customer returned it.   The latter describes physical state of the merchandise. Credit clerks must understand return reasons. Warehouseman must understand the dispositions. Try to control the returns process through Returns Authorizations.   With Return Authorizations, the pre-approved returns can be received quickly thereby simplifying the returns identification and speeding overall processing.   To enable radio frequency (RF) equipment automation and verification, these expected returns should be entered into the system prior to arrival. Stage saleable merchandise by a put away zone. Most of the returned merchandise is generally in saleable condition and will be returned to the storage area. To streamline the subsequent put away process, saleable products should be staged on pallets by destination zone. Track un-saleable merchandise with a bar-coded label. Any merchandise that is not saleable and cannot be discarded is usually stored according to vendor guidelines. While some vendors simply require an inventory report to issue credits, others will send a sales representative to inspect the goods or to ship to the vendor. A complete audit trail consisting of return reason, date of initial shipment, date of return, customer name, etc. will assure legitimacy of the claim and improve supplier relationships Key elements of the reverse logistics process As reverse logistics evolves within your company, you will want to start developing or improving the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) used to measure and monitor the performance of your Returns Management and Reverse Logistics. To help develop KPIs, Tony Sciarrotta shared some of his insights and important KPIs he uses as the Director of Returns Management at Philips Consumer Electronics, North America. Tony brings a great deal of experience and industry expertise to the Reverse Logistics requirements for Philips, its supply chain partners and its returns processing partners. Gate keeping, Product Data and Asset Recovery are three of the key areas I monitor closely, says Sciarrotta as he outlined some of the KPIs he uses to help manage each of these areas. Gate Keeping Philips works closely with its Retail partners to monitor and manage returns. To do this, Philips shares and reviews regular reports with the retailers to outline the data related to recent product returns. These reports help everyone work together in order to reduce returns and become critical in the arrangements that Philips negotiates with its retail partners. Philips also monitors statistics about the condition of the returning goods upon arrival. Flat Panel TVs can be very expensive if they are not handled properly in the return process. Working with Retail partners to avoid damage is of major importance. Discrepancies are also an area monitored closely to ensure that all returning units have been authorized. Recently, Philips has been experiencing very few discrepancies. Product Data Philips outsources its Reverse Logistics processing and repair. The Philips team works closely with its Reverse Logistics partners to monitor No Trouble Found, Repair with Parts, Repair without Parts and the Scrap levels. This important data is forwarded to manufacturing and to the product design groups. Consumer electronics products are becoming more and more complex. If a product is experiencing a high No Trouble Found rate, the data is sent to manufacturing to seek product or user experience improvements to reduce the return rate Asset Recovery We always try to achieve the highest asset recovery rate possible says Sciarrotta. To monitor this, Philips tracks the Asset Recovery rate. Also tracked are returned goods that are sold as is and the returned goods that are sold with a warranty. In addition, Philips tracks the performance of the refurbished products to ensure quality standards are maintained. Improve Your KPIs Gate keep to ensure only authorized returns are handled. . Obtain good product data to find out why goods are being returned. Get the highest Asset Recovery rate possible. These are the three key areas and some of the related Reverse Logistics Key Performance Indicators that Tony Sciarrotta uses at Philips to help organize, monitor and manage product returns. Use his insights to get started with improvements to your KPIs. Pros Cons of Reverse Logistic: Advantages Disadvantages Buyer is happy when he/she receives money back Buyer Authorization required Pack everything up again. Insure it wait up to 2 billing cycles for a credit. Law, Policy and reverse logistic Reverse Logistics and the management of returned or used merchandise is a growing problem among manufacturers today. In this study we will be presenting the nature and magnitude of the reverse logistics problem in the industry and a literature survey of the previous research in this area. Reverse Logistics deals with the processes associated with the reverse stream from users/owners to re-users. This paper provides content analysis of scientific literature on reverse logistics. Reverse logistic Policy and Legislation In direct sales supply chain, the customers buy direct from the manufacturer sacrificing the benefit of physical inspection of the product. This increases the likelihood that customers will have some dissatisfaction with the product and would like to return it. A clearly explained and generous return policy, then, will be welcome by the customers and therefore will enhance sales. However, this reversed flow merchandise has always been a problem for all parties in the supply chain due to the disruption in operations and headache in processing returned merchandises. We are interested to examine the roles of return policy in reverse logistics from various angles. First, we survey the existing literature on the area of reverse logistics. We offer a new literature classification that will close the researchs gap in the area. We then look into specific problems of return policy namely the relationship between price and return policy, the effect of products quality on the return policy, and the effect of uncertainty in the returned merchandise to the return policy. We obtain a number of managerial guidelines for using marketing and operational strategy variables to influence the reaction parameters so as to obtain the maximum benefit from the market for each problem. We here also disprove that return policy is all about cost. We show that return policy is a powerful tool to increase firms profit. Principles for a Functional reverse logistic system. Reverse Logistics Management automates returns across multiple channels to ensure you know whats coming back, from whom and why. The system is based on a rules engine that can automate the application of return rules. It also houses vendor return policies and automates the return-to-vendor credit process. Reverse Logistics Management can manage returns both coming and going-from the consumer and to the vendor. By capturing the reasons for returns, you can better monitor quality and vendor performance, and learn more about your customers purchase and return behavior. In addition, by returning goods to your supply chain quickly, you can minimize the cost of obsolete goods, and meet customer demand elsewhere. Reverse Logistics Management transforms the returns process by: Automating every step: Online or at returns centers, easily differentiate between tiers of customers based on their purchasing patterns. Generate authorizations based on pre-established internal or vendor rules, and apply credits quickly to keep your customers happy. Centralizing return programs: Streamline returns and staff training by running manufacturer and extended warranty programs all in one automated process. Consolidating shipments to vendors: Reduce costs and maximize credits by accurately and consistently applying return-to-vendor policies. Increasing visibility: Reduce inventory holding costs and improve net asset recovery by integrating with Warehouse Management, so products can be reshelf quickly or routed for liquidation. What happens to products returned? Most industries today have liberal returns policies that can quickly tax distribution networks when large quantities of items go through the reverse logistics process.   Often the distributing warehouse bears the brunt of these costs and efforts associated with returns. Thankfully, this area is also where a properly organized process, supported by latest hardware and software technologies, can produce a competitive advantage, attract new suppliers and control the returns process.   In this article we will review common problems that plague returns operations in the warehouse and suggest remedies drawn from best practices. Common Problems The returns area of a warehouse is commonly full of a mix of open cartons from many different SKUs that need to be identified and sorted according to disposition.   Through this sorting process, credits must also be issued and return-to-vendor tracking created.   The combination of process complexity and low priority of reverse logistics typically means little attention is given to improving the returns process. As a result, warehouse managers tend to treat it as a necessary evil.    Problems affecting returns processing in the warehouse include: The work area is too small or poorly laid out; The process is paper intensive in order to describe and track reasons for returned product; Lack of real time tracking of incoming merchandise does not permit quick put away or cross docking; Poor process integration into the warehouse does not allow returned merchandise to be immediately allocated and shipped. Orders are often shipped short, while saleable inventory is present on the returns dock; Lack of tracking and accountability for un-saleable merchandise that is used to bill back the vendor. The problems in the customer service department include: Slow, error prone data entry and credit processing based on a multitude of papers delivered from the returns dock; No link between data collection and credit processing, allowing over-credit given to the customer; It is difficult to segregate problems by customer, salesperson, truck driver or warehouseman to eliminate misconduct.

Foreshadowing, Mood, Mythical Parallels, and Narrative Elements in Drac

Foreshadowing, Mood, Mythical Parallels, and Narrative Elements in Dracula      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the novel Dracula, by Bram Stoker, there is much evidence of foreshadowing and parallels to other myths.   Dracula was not the first story featuring a vampire myth, nor was it the last.   Some would even argue that it was not the best.   However, it was the most original, using foreshadowing and mood to create horrific imagery, mythical parallels to draw upon a source of superstition, and original narrative elements that make this story unique.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Anyone who has ever seen one of the several adaptations of Dracula as a movie will know that it was intended to be a horror story.   Stoker goes to great lengths in order to create an atmosphere of terror and villainy, while hinting at exciting things to come.   Straight from the beginning of the book, foreshadowing is utilized to hint at horrifying future events.   As Jonathan Harker was about to depart for Castle Dracula, an old lady accosted him and said, "It is the eve of St. George's Day.   Do you not know that to-night when the clock strikes midnight, all the evil things in the world will have full sway?"   (Stoker, 4).   However Harker leaves anyway, despite the warning.   Thus the reader is fully aware that something awful is going to happen to him.   This quote makes one's mind think of possible future events, thus creating imagery.   Every writer aspires to create good imagery, and Bram Stoker is particularly go od at doing so.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another example of foreshadowing unfolds when Harker is being transported to Castle Dracula by the mysterious and tenebrous driver.   "Then, as we flew along, the driver leaned forward, and on each side the passengers, craning over the edg... ...are depicted in many instances in order to draw upon a source of superstition for added affirmation.   Finally, original narrative elements are conceived in order to bring together a central theme of unity, which stresses the teamwork by which the protagonists defeated the vampires.   Bram Stoker applies these elements to create an enriching, compelling plot in the novel Dracula.       Works Cited Birge, Barbara.   "Bram Stoker's DRACULA:   The Quest for Female Potency in Transgressive Relationships."   Psychological Perspectives.   1994.   22-36. Gutjahr, Paul.   "Stoker's Dracula-Criticism and Interpretation."   Explicator.   Fall 1993.   36-40. Holland, Tom.   "A Sure Fang."   New Statesman.   Feb. 19, 2001.   40-42. Keats, P.   "Stoker's Dracula."   Explicator.   Fall 1991.   26-29. Stoker, Bram.   Dracula.   Tom Doherty Associates:   New York, 1988.   

Solutions Managerial Accounting

A company usually has a small number of processing departments, whereas a job-order costing system often must keep track of the costs of undress or even thousands of jobs. In a process costing system, a Work in Process account IS maintained for each separate processing department. 4-5 The journal entry would be: work in process, Firing XX Work in Process, Mixing . The costs that might be added in the Firing Department include: (1 ) costs transferred in from the Mixing Department; (2) materials costs added in the Firing Department; (3) labor costs added in the Firing Department; and (4) overhead costs added in the Firing Department.Under the weighted-average method, equivalent units Of production consist Of units rendered to the next department (or to fin- each unit transferred out of the department is counted as one equivalent unit-?regardless of in what period the work was done to complete the units. Under the FIFO method, only the work done in the current period is counted. Units t ransferred out are divided into two parts. One part consists Of the units in the beginning inventory. Only the work needed to complete these units is shown as part of the equivalent units for the current period.The other part of the units transferred out consists of the units started and completed during the current period. -10 The weighted-average method mixes costs from the current period with costs from the prior period. Thus, under the headquartering method, the department's apparent performance in the current period is influenced to some extent by what happened in a prior period. In contrast, the FIFO method cleanly separates the costs and work of the current period from those of the prior period.This makes the FIFO method superior to the weighted-average method for cost control because current performance should be measured in relation to costs of the current period only. 4-11 Operating departments are the units in n organization within which the central purposes of the organi zation are carried out; these O The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2008. All rights reserved. Solutions Manual, Chapter 4 departments usually generate revenue. By contrast, service departments provide support or assistance to the operating departments.Examples of service departments include laundry services in a hotel or hospital, internal auditing, airport maintenance services (ground crews), cafeteria, personnel, cost accounting, and so on. 4-12 Service department costs are allocated to products and services in two stages. Service apartment costs are first allocated to the operating departments. These allocated costs are then included in the Operating departments' overhead rates, which are used to cost products and services. 4-14 Under the direct method, interdepartmental services are ignored; service department costs are allocated directly to operating departments. -15 under the step-down method, the costs of the service department performing the greatest amount of service for the other service deep retests are allocated first, the costs of the service department performing the next greatest amount of service are allocated next, and so Roth through all the service departments. Once a service departments costs have been allocated, costs are not reallocated back to it under the step-down method. 4-13 Interdepartmental services exist whenever two service departments provide services to each other. O The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2008.

Easter Rising 1916

There can be no doubt that the response of the British government to the Rising contributed measurably to the further alienation of Irish public opinion. On 26th April 1916, it had introduced martial law and next day appointed Major-General Sir John Maxwell as Commander-in-Chief of troops, Ireland. He had full authority to restore order, put down the rebellion, and punished its participants. Maxwell never doubted that its leaders should be court-martialled and those most prominent executed.General Maxwell was also determined that, in order to crush militant nationalism, those who had surrendered with them, and their suspected supporters, should be arrested and their arms seized in a nationwide sweep by soldiers, supported by police. General Maxwell quickly signalled his intention â€Å"to arrest all dangerous Sinn Feiners†(1), including â€Å"those who have taken an active part in the movement although not in the present rebellion†(2), reflecting the popular belief that Sinn Fein, a separatist organisation that was neither militant nor republican, was behind the Rising.In total, the security forces arrested 3,430 men and 79 women and of these 1,841 were sent to England and interned there. Meanwhile, those thought to have organised the insurrection had been held back in Ireland for trial 190 men and 1 woman named Countess Markievicz. In 90 cases the court’s verdict was ‘Death by being shot’. All signatories of the proclamation were executed. The executions started on May 3rd in Kilmainham Jail with the execution of Patrick Pearse was the first to be singled out for execution, he was not allowed to see his mother or brother before his execution, Thomas MacDonagh and Thomas Clarke .The second day is the executions of William Pearse brother of Patrick Pearse, Edward Daly, Michael O'Hanrahan, and Joseph Plunkett whom married Grace Gifford in the prison chapel hours before his execution. On the following day John McBride was executed alone refused to be blindfolded before his execution. Then on May 8th Eamonn Ceannt,  Michael Mallin,  Sean Heuston  and  Conn Colbert were executed. On the last day of execution May 12th Sean MacDiarmada and James Connolly who is tied to a chair due to his broken ankle were executed. Sir Roger Casement was tried in London for high treason and hanged at Pentonville Prison on 3 August.In addition to the 15 executed, 97 others of those tried by court-martial were sentenced to death. Alarmed by the shift taking place in public opinion in Ireland and by the outrage expressed in the House of Commons by members of the Irish Parliament Party, most notably Lawrence Ginnel and John Dillion, Prime Minister Asquith travelled to Dublin on 12 May the day where James Connolly and Sean MacDiarmada were executed, in spite of a telegram from Asquith to General Maxwell saying that there were to be no further executions except under special and exceptional circumstances.Maxwell, presumably, c onsidered that MacDiarmada and Connolly had played such leading roles that they could not be reprieved. There were no further executions, the sentences of the other 97 being commuted to terms of imprisonment. The predictable effect of these measures was to increase public sympathy, both for the rebels and their goals. During May, the police authorities noted even amongst moderate nationalists a growing ‘wave of resentment,’ prompted by the feeling that ‘unnecessary severity had been deployed’.Symptoms of the change in attitudes included the following: the increasing frequency of memorial masses for the executed rebels; the growing sales of photographs of them; the setting up of aid funds for their families; the appearance of songs and ballads celebrating their actions; the ubiquity of republican flags and badges; the sight of young men marching military style at Gaelic football matches, and the shouting of rebel slogans anywhere people gathered anonymously together, such as at railway stations.Moreover, there were ominous signs that militant nationalists were reorganising, reflected in a rise in arms thefts and hardening of attitudes towards the police. The release of many who had been interned after the Rising – far from earning public gratitude – fuelled resentment, as it was seen as providing evidence that the arrests had been made ‘without just cause’. Already in mid-June 1916, Maxwell predicted that in a General Election the moderate nationalist Irish Parliamentary Party would probably be replaced.He was right; in December 1918, it was swept aside by Sinn Fein. Some survivors of the Rising went on to become leaders of the independent Irish state and those who died were venerated by many as martyrs. Their graves in the former military prison of Arbour Hill in Dublin became a national monument and the text of the Proclamation was taught in schools. ‘I and my fellow signatories believe we have struck the first successful blow for Irish freedom. The next blow, which we have no doubt Ireland will strike, will win through. In this belief, we die happy. ‘

Motorola in China

Executive Summary In a prominent level of integration worldwide economy today, people are more concerned about the phenomenon of intermediary corporations and multinational companies renounce the traditional research and development form in the host country where they have set up research and development centers. In this report I will discuss about Motorola’s reasons to enter China and commit itself as a local company. Moreover, I will talk about the localization strategies in china and its market position. Apart from that I will illustrate the PEST and SWOT analysis of Motorola’s localization strategy in China.Furthermore, I will discuss the characteristics of Motorola as the big emerging market in China. Table of content Contents Executive Summary2 Table of content3 Abbreviations4 Introduction5 Main body6 Reasons for Motorola to enter China6 Strategies adopted by Motorola to enter China. 8 Operation strategy of Motorola9 Framework analysis of Motorola operations in Ch ina10 India and China Global Trends12 Conclusion13 References13 Abbreviations PEST – Political, Economical, Socio-cultural, Technological SWOT- Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats SEZ – Special Economic ZoneCAMP – China Accelerated Management Program R&D – Research and Development IDEN – Integrated Digital Enhanced Network SARS – Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome MNC – Multi National Companies ITO – International Trade Organization BPO – Business Process Outsourcing BRIC – Brazil, Russia, India, China GDP – Gross Domestic Product USD – United States Dollar SMIC – Semiconductor Manufacturing Internal Corp Introduction In 1987 Motorola established a delegate office in Beijing. It was dealing with exportation of telecommunications gear and semiconductor to China.Due to the increase of competitions from other companies, Motorola decided to move some of its industrialized activities to Ch ina. In 1992, Motorola China Ltd was established and opened an industry in Tianjin. Motorola was the leading worldwide market in manufacturing advanced electronic system, communications components and semiconductors. The company mainly dealt with cellular, personal communication, defense and space electronics’ and computers and other many more electronics products. According to Wen-Cheng et al. 2010) due to its expansion on business in six continents, Motorola employed more than 142,000 people and maintain production amenities globally. Motorola had a elementary objective of priotizing customers’ satisfaction through quality, speed, technology and team work. Motorola succeeded to fulfill its objective in China because it understood the market and the culture of the people. It also maintained uncompromising reliability and focusing on an idea of a world in which everyone can attain full potential. However, in 2000’s Motorola started to experience a huge competiti on from the Chinese mobile handset companies.Motorola’s market started to fall due to the increasing competition in the market. This led Motorola to raise its sales and market shares by introducing new strategy in 2002 in order to maintain its market. The strategy did not help as the matter of fact Motorola went on losing its market in China (Gaur and Cateora 2006). Main body Reasons for Motorola to enter China The growth of Motorola in China went proportional with China’s economic development and China’s involvement in the world economy. Establishment of Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in 1979 which stimulated investors mainly those which engaged in light manufacturing industries.The foreign companies that decided to confine at SEZ were privileged to special taxes treatment and particular services like infrastructure (Mack, L 2012). Chinese market size, China was the very momentous market for the company. Motorola thought that it was important to establish its manu facturing base and center for its company research in China (Hedley, M 2012). Despite China’s complicated social and political environment, Motorola was able to achieve tremendous success. It made it possible to make a way into Chinese market and became the leading company in the Chinese mobile market.It is said that Motorola paved its success due to the strategies it implemented and put into consideration of the people’s culture and the market. However, wealth of Motorola rendered the significance of the company to join to the Chinese market. In 2003 Motorola mounted up investment of $3. 4 billion which enabled the company to be the first in the list of foreign investors in China. It was also one of the biggest exporters from China- exporting goods worth more than $3. 5 billion (Gaur and Cateora 2006). Moreover, setting up a corporate image was another reason for Motorola to enter China and commit itself.Implementation of personnel, business culture, materials, and ma rketing localization can establish company’s public image. This is seen when Motorola decided to move its delegate office to China and expanded its business into various segments. In addition to that, in structuring its brand among the Chinese, Motorola mounted different signs and advertisements in busy market places and televisions in order to make people aware of what they are dealing with. It also opened big stores in the market areas such as Shanghai and Beijing offering the latest mobile andsets models. Also, Motorola came up with an innovative notion named Motorola Towns which specifically dealt with giving an exclusive retailing experience to consumers. In these towns consumers could walk in and see for themselves mobile handsets and make a try outs of other technological gadgets for free. This system helped customers to get the knowledge about the most modern technological trends and attach them expressively with the company. However, this system helped Motorola to ge t feedback from the customers about its products (Wen-Cheng et al. , 2010).Low cost of raw materials for production, Motorola provided technological support to its suppliers in order to get high quality raw materials for the production of their commodities. In doing so, it actively developed the suppliers from local areas to provide service to the company. Motorola made up a strong and reliable association with these suppliers so that they could produce raw materials which will enable Motorola to produce high standard commodities. Motorola got a full use of these suppliers as they came to establish their manufacturing base in China (Gaur and Cateora 2006).Low cost of labor, Motorola Company made sure that it produces high quality of commodities with low costs. In doing so, it produced professionals from their own universities in order to comprehend the business and organization structure and rules and regulation. Chinese population, in the year 1987 the population of China was appro ximately to 1. 1 billion. Due to that fact, Motorola computed that it would get a huge opportunity for the market of its commodities as well as adequate manpower to manufacture the products for affordable and low cost (PubMed 1987). Strategies adopted by Motorola to enter China.Motorola just like any other international company had its own strategies to enter Chinese market and make sure that it monopolizes it. And this is why at the start it set its industrialized facilities in China. For its success, Motorola adopted the five strategies which led to its remarkable achievements to conquer the Chinese market. The strategies are as follows:- a) Investment /Technology transfer. Technology transfer helped Motorola to constantly enhance the intensity of research and development in order to supply the country with the sophisticated communications solutions.Motorola spent $120 million in Tianjin area for production of pagers, cellular phones and simple integrated circuits. Due to the expa nsion of its technology, Motorola established the second plant for the production of automotives electronics, advanced microprocessors, walkie-talkie systems and fabricated silicon wafers (Gaur and Cateora 2006). b) Management localization. Motorola came into sense that in order to minimize cost and increase its market’s share, it should employ more Chinese staff. The Chinese staff required managerial talents so that they could be competent in management.To solve that problem, in 1993 Motorola established Motorola University to train the young staff about the international managerial situations. The University came to be the company’s training base as it dealt with communication technology and business management. At the end of the day, Motorola accomplished enormous success which led to its commitment to the people. It made sure that from seniors to the general staff were from local. As a result 90% of the staff was Chinese (Wen-Cheng et al. , 2010). c) Local sourcing .Cost maximization was one big thing Motorola was trying to avoid; as a result it sourced from local firms. Training was important to the staff to develop their standard by broadening technological and managerial maintenance. Training enabled the local companies to raise their productivity and value of the commodities and even supported them to penetrate into the world markets (Gaur and Cateora 2006). d) Joint ventures/ co-operative projects. To expand its market in China, Motorola entered in 9 joint ventures with Chinese companies in order to increase its production capacity.Joint venture helped Motorola to increase admittance into the Chinese market without launching more plants. In addition to that, Motorola was able to do some savings through joint ventures (Gaur and Cateora 2006). e) Brand localization strategy. Localization of the Motorola brand made it possible to hit the targeted groups. It localized the brand culturally so as to infiltrate the customers. The products with t he cultural brand usually tend to integrate to achieve customers’ emotions of rejection from the elimination of foreign commodities (Wen-Cheng et al. 2010). Operation strategy of Motorola Motorola managed to defeat the Chinese market when it created and implemented the R&D strategy as their secret weapon in the Chinese market. The strategy was centered on technological advancement and innovations. Motorola carried out researches in the locale of communication software and semiconductors. The research conducted facilitated Motorola Company to create FLEX paging technology helped Motorola to come up with the highest quality of commodities which were durable and valuable.Motorola also established labs for production procedure, analysis and software equipment on the increase of new technologies that would make China a high technology manufacturing hub. Furthermore, Motorola entered into research partnership with local universities whereby it could contribute equipments and give o pportunities to college students to work as intern in the company. By doing this would enable Motorola to achieve the local country’s scientific and technological contribution and to respond to the host market demands and innovate near the production places (Wen-Cheng et al. , 2010).To make their operations in the Chinese market better, Motorola instituted the Motorola University in 1993 in order to train the Chinese employees to become competent in the global managerial positions. The University had a training program called China Management Program (CAMP). The program was for the Chinese staff whereby they were trained on the job for 14 months which involved action learning, coaching and rotation of training of staff by using Motorola’s global facilities. The CAMP syllabus helped the Chinese to be trained about the market economy, value creation, business process design and benchmark.Moreover, Motorola had to interview the staff in order to get the best ones for the job. It was important for the employees to know English as they were going to face the global market of which English language is the unifying language (Gaur and Cateora 2006). Framework analysis of Motorola operations in China Furthermore, assessment of external and internal environment of any organization is essential for its strategic planning. PEST analysis provides information that is useful to equalize the company’s resources and potentials to the competitive environment in which it operates.PEST stands for political, economical, socio-cultural and technological factors. Motorola used the PEST analysis to illustrate how it managed to operate its business activities in the Chinese market. Political factor, China had a difficulty and unstable social and political environment but Motorola managed to penetrate the Chinese market and paved its way to being the leading company in the Chinese mobile handset market. Economical factor, Motorola had its reasons to enter China and dominate the Chinese market. One of the major reasons is the huge population of China which is approximately to be 1. 1 billion.This factor stimulated Motorola as they were acquainted with the market of their commodities and availability of cheap labor. Moreover, social-cultural factor administered Motorola to perform incredibly in the Chinese market as they understood the local market and the Chinese culture due to its strategies it adopted. It localized the brand of its commodities culturally so as to gain access to the customers. Finally, technological factor Motorola advanced in research and development center in China called Motorola China Research and Development Institute in Beijing where technological advancement and innovation was focused.The institute was concerned with researches in the areas of communication software and semiconductors. The presence of manufacturing procedure, analytical, and software and equipment labs for expanding innovative technology made China a h igh-technology production hub (Gaur and Cateora 2006). Apart from PEST analysis, Motorola made sure that it has managed to use the SWOT analysis to show its weaknesses, strengths, opportunity and threats from the internal and external environment. Strength, Motorola was the leading provider of wireless handset communication and broadband system.In addition to that it was the solitary supplier of iDEN network infrastructure. Because of all that it became known to be the strong and famous in the market. Weaknesses, Motorola could not satisfy its customers as it produced low quality of goods, insufficient employees, diseases like SARS, fierce competition and lost of its prestigious customers (Gaur and Cateora 2006). Opportunities, strong brand, promotion strategies and risk taking through product modernization made Motorola to be well positioned in the market.The hybrid products which were produced by Motorola enabled them to get a huge market and expand to other countries like Japan, Taiwan, France, Italy, United Kingdom and Hong Kong. Threats, lack of government protection against the outside competitors, competition from Japan as it produced durable products and sold cheap and sharing market with the foreign competitors. SWOT ANALYSIS DIAGRAMPEST ANALYSIS DIAGRAM WEAKNESSES (W) STREGHTS (S) FIRM FIRM Technological Socio-Cultural Economical Political OPPORTUNITIES (O) THREATS (T) India and China Global TrendsChina and India being part of BRIC were able to become heir to globalization. Since the year 1980, China’s economy has been growing fast globally. Its GDP was USD 305 billion which led to be seen as the leading economy in the world. In 1980-2000, India made a step forward to the growth of 6% GDP. Due to their population size, India and China were both positioned in the emerging markets whereby China with 1. 3 billion population and India with 1. 1 billion (Needle, 2010). Talking about outsourcing worldwide with BPO and ITO, India and China maintained their dominance in the multi-sourcing trend.India manage to secure a good position in MNCs as its labour force was well skilled, sociable government policies for foreign investment, steady political condition and English language expertise. All this proved that India sustained its dominance to both ITO and BPO markets. China as well boosted its forces on the global sourcing. It was seen that, India led China in the dollar value of Chinese software industry as it was twice the India’s. The Chinese government supported the local software industry and this took a huge part in enhancing the growth of Chinese industry (Oshri et al. 2009). Conclusion Apart from all the success, Motorola faced down falls in the early 2003 which led the company to be sold to the Shanghaibased Semiconductor Manufacturing Internal Corp (SMIC). The said reasons for the fall of Motorola were SARS outbreak which caused the plant to be closed for the fear of the spread of the disease. Moreover, the increa se of competition in the mobile market caused Motorola. As Motorola was losing its shares in the Chinese market, the competitors were raising.Furthermore, the excessive inventory of beyond 30 million handsets caused the price battles and discounts in the market and caused Motorola to fall by 10% in 2003 (Gaur and Cateora 2006). References Pearson (2004) Motorola in China. Available at: http://www. pearsoned-asia. com/comp/chow/instructors/preview/BS-Ch33. pdf (Accessed: 18 March 2012) Needle, D (2010) An Introduction to Business and its Environment. Myilibrary [Online]. Available at: http://0-lib. myilibrary. com. brum. beds. ac. uk/SearchResults. aspx (Accessed: 10 March 2012) Ghauri, P and Cateora, P (2006) ‘International Marketing’, Motorola in China.International Business Environment [Online]. Available at: https://breo. beds. ac. uk (Accessed: 22 March 2012) PubMed (1987) ‘The population on the mainland of China totals 1. 07244 billion. Available at:http://ww w. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/12315472 (Accessed:22 April 2012). Emerald Strategic Direction (2002) ‘The reasons behind Motorola’s success in China’, what makes Chinese joint ventures a success,’ 19 (2) [Online]. Available at: http://www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? issn=0258-0543&volume=19&issue=2&articleid=869312&show=html (Accessed 12 April 2012).Wen-Cheng, C. , Ying-Chang, C. Kuo, C. and Ying-Chien, C. (2010) ‘A Case Study on the Motorola China’s Localization Strategy’, [Online]. The Journal of International Management Studies, 5 (1) [Online]. Available at: http://www. jimsjournal. org/7%20Wang%20,Wen-Cheng. pdf (Accessed: 10 April 2012). Hamilton, L. and Webster, P. (2009) The International Business Environment. Oxford: oxford university press. Mack, L (2012) Chinese Culture. Available at  : http://chineseculture. about. com/od/businesseconomy/a/Chinas-Special-Economic-Zones-Sez. htm ( Accessed: 30 April 2012)

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